Determining the blood type of the patient before proceeding to give or receiving blood is extremely necessary and important. Currently, ABO/Rh blood grouping using introsthematation is the most commonly used method of blood type determination.
1. When to conduct blood type dialysis?
Anyone can take an ABO/Rh blood type test when needed. Besides, certain cases it is necessary to determine the blood type as:
- Recognize the blood type of the giveer and the recipient before the blood transfusion.
- Determine the blood type of the donor res register, bone marrow, tissue to see if it is compatible with the recipient.
- Use blood type determination results for the purpose of blood transfusion.
- Pregnant women need to determine the ABO/Rh blood type to assess compatibility between factors in the blood of the mother and child.
2. ABO/Rh blood grouping using in test tube techniques
There are two main, important and most common blood groups, the ABO blood type and the Rh blood type.
2.1 ABO blood type
- ABO blood grouping principle
The ABO blood type was discovered by the scientist Karl Landsteiner in 1901. This is considered the blood type of the most important significance in the practice of blood transfusion. The determination of blood groups of the ABO system is carried out on the basis of antigen A and antigen B with or without presence on the surface of red blood cells; the presence or absence of antibodies A and antibodies B in serum samples.
ABO blood type determination means determining whether a person belongs to blood type A, blood type B, blood type AB or blood type O. This blood grouping should be conducted in two methods: serum and sample red blood cells.
The ABO blood grouping technique is performed based on the principle of a condensation reaction.
- ABO blood typeing process
After having prepared all the necessary tools and chemicals, the medical staff receives samples of the patient's specimens to begin the blood grouping.
Non-anti-freezing blood vessels will be centrifugal 3000 rpm/ 3 minutes then separated from the serum. At the same time wash the patient's red blood cells with NaCl 0.9% 3 times and phase into a 5% suspension.
It is necessary to prepare 2 sets of which each set consists of 6 clean test tubes labeled anti A, anti B, anti AB, sample red blood cells A, sample red blood cells B and sample red blood cells O.
After that, the doctor conducts abo blood type according to 2 sample serum methods and sample red blood cells. This will be repeated again to ensure accuracy.
If the result of the two groupings is matched, the blood type mark A, B, AB, or O will be closed to the test ballot. Cons, if the results between the two blood typed times are incompatible, it is necessary to re-examine the initial steps and repeat the test.
2.2 Blood type Rh
- Rh blood grouping principle
The second most important blood group system in the practice of blood transfusion is the Rh blood type system. This blood type was discovered by scientists Kahl Landsteiner and Wiener in 1940. Blood type Rh has a fairly abundant number of antigens up to about 50 different types of antigens, of which 5 main antigens are D, C, c, E, and e. In particular, antigen D is the most important.
The Rh (D) blood type is determined based on the presence or absence of antigen D on the surface of red blood cells. Thus, those on the surface of red blood cells with antigen D are called people with positive Blood Type Rh (D), on the contrary, people with negative Blood Type Rh (D) are people without antigen D on the surface of red blood cells.
The rh blood grouping technique is performed based on the principle of a condensation reaction.
- Rh blood type dialysis procedure
The necessary tools, chemicals and biological products should be fully prepared before conducting blood type dialysis. After receiving the patient's medical product, the medical staff will conduct an analytical test.
First, drop 1 drop of anti-D sample serum into the prepared test tube. Then add 1 drop of 5% red blood cells (red blood cells have been washed with NaCl 0.9%). Mix the test tube well and turn centrifugally 1000 rpm within 1 minute. Tilt and shake the test tube gently to read the a condensation.
Where the reaction has a condensation means that on the surface of red blood cells there is the presence of antigen D, or the result of blood grouping is rh (D) positive. If the reaction does not aerate, it is possible to conclude that the blood type Rh (D) is negative due to the absence of antigen D on the surface of red blood cells.
ABO/Rh blood typeing is important for blood transfusion practice to minimize the risk of incompat compatibility between the givers and the recipient. Any error can endanger the patient's life.
SEE MORE:
- The role of identifying blood type before blood transfusion
- Why do you need to take the active general blood test to detect the disease?
- How to categorise blood type
- Basic blood transfusion principles
- What do you know about the rarest blood types?
- What do you understand about your blood type?